Prostatic adenocarcinoma pathology outlines
Neonatal brain damage Abstract A specialized neurogenic niche along the ventricles accumulates millions of progenitor cells in the developing brain.
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After mitosis, fate-committed daughter cells delaminate from this germinative zone. Considering the high number of cell divisions and delaminations taking place during embryonic development, brain malformations caused by ectopic proliferation of misplaced progenitor cells are relatively rare.
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Here, we report that a process we term developmental anoikis distinguishes the pathological detachment of progenitor cells from the normal delamination of daughter neuroblasts in the developing mouse neocortex. We identify the endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzyme abhydrolase domain containing 4 ABHD4 as an essential mediator for the elimination of pathologically detached cells.
Consequently, rapid ABHD4 downregulation is necessary for delaminated daughter neuroblasts to escape from anoikis.
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Moreover, ABHD4 is required for fetal alcohol-induced apoptosis, but not for the well-established form of developmentally controlled programmed cell death. These results suggest that ABHD4-mediated developmental anoikis specifically protects the embryonic brain from the consequences of sporadic delamination errors and teratogenic insults.
ABHD4-dependent developmental anoikis safeguards the embryonic brain
Download PDF Introduction In the developing brain, radial glia progenitor cells RGPCs spawn various cell types including intermediate progenitor cells, neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells 1234. Following asymmetric cell division at the ventricular surface, the self-renewed RGPCs remain anchored to their neighbors via cadherin-based adherens junctions 56.
This adhesion complex not only serves as a structural stabilizer, but it is also involved in important signaling mechanisms regulating cell cycle, proliferation, and differentiation, indicating that adherens junction assembly and disassembly are tightly coupled to cell fate decisions 789.
Accordingly, the non-RGPC-fated daughter cells need to break down their adherens junctions to delaminate from the ventricular wall and to migrate to their functional destinations along the radial scaffold of RGPCs 69 Appropriately timed delamination is critically important prostatic adenocarcinoma pathology outlines the mature daughter neuroblasts to follow their normal migratory route 6.
Prostatic adenocarcinoma pathology outlines contrast, pathological detachment and abnormal dispersion of RGPCs, which retain their proliferative capacity at ectopic locations, represent a serious risk for brain malformations, such as focal cortical dysplasia or periventricular heterotopia, potentially predisposing to various forms of intellectual disabilities and neurological deficits 111213 Enormous number of cell division events and subsequent delamination steps are required for the generation of hundreds of billions of neurons and other cell types in the brain.
Considering the remarkably low prevalence of congenital brain malformations, it is conceivable to hypothesize that a specific mechanism exists that protects against the consequences of sporadic delamination errors.
Yet, how pathologically detached RGPCs are eliminated from the brain parenchyma and the related fundamental question of how fate-committed daughter cells become resistant to this defense mechanism both remain elusive. Along a similar line of reasoning, it is plausible to predict that such a protective mechanism should also be activated when pervasive injuries or teratogenic insults damage the adherens junctions in the prenatal brain.
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For example, germinal matrix hemorrhage, the most common neurological disease of preterm infants as well as microcephaly-associated environmental teratogens, such as the Zika virus and fetal alcohol exposure are all known to impair cell—cell adhesion in the germinative ventricular zone VZ leading to delamination and subsequent depletion of RGPC pools 151617 However, the molecular link between adherens junction damage and cell death induced by prostatic adenocarcinoma pathology outlines or by teratogenic insults remains unknown.
In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that a yet unidentified safeguarding mechanism determines distinct cell fate after normal delamination of daughter cells or pathological detachment of progenitor cells. We demonstrate that adherens junction impairment induces aberrant RGPC delamination, ectopic accumulation, and caspase-mediated apoptosis in the subventricular zone SVZ and VZs, whereas caspase inhibition not only prevents the evoked cell death, but also rescues radial migration into the cortical plate.
Moreover, abhydrolase domain containing 4 ABHD4a serine hydrolase with a yet undefined neurobiological function prostatic adenocarcinoma pathology outlines identified as a necessary and sufficient mediator for the elimination of pathologically detached cells.
Accordingly, healthy neuroblasts delaminating according to their normal developmental program switch off ABHD4 expression in parallel with prostatic adenocarcinoma pathology outlines neurogenic commitment.
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ABHD4 is not required for the canonical form of developmentally controlled programmed cell death in the embryonic neocortex indicating that a vállízület artroszkópos kezelése function is specifically associated with pathological insults. In agreement with this possibility, our findings elucidate that ABHD4 is also essential for prenatal alcohol exposure-induced apoptosis providing insights into the mechanisms underlying cell death associated with fetal alcohol syndrome.
Results Pathological RGPC detachment triggers developmental anoikis N-cadherin encoded by the Cdh2 gene is the major molecular component of the adherens junction belt along the ventricular wall in the developing mammalian brain 5.
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To interfere with cadherin-based cell-cell adhesions, we carried out in utero electroporation of a dominant-negative version of N-cadherin ΔnCdh2-GFP into the lateral ventricles at embryonic day We exploited this conditional and sparse adherens junction injury protocol instead of the global loss-of-function approaches to restrict the effects in time and space to a selected population of RGPCs and to avoid potential compensatory mechanisms that are more fájó inak to come into play upon systems-level perturbations.
Confocal and STORM super-resolution microscopy revealed a striking specificity of this experimental manipulation as basal processes of electroporated RGPCs still reached the basal surface in ΔnCdh2-electroporated cortices Fig.
Moreover, the prostatic adenocarcinoma pathology outlines of the basal endfeet at the pial surface Fig. As a result of the adherens junction disruption, the detached RGPCs delaminated from the ventricular surface and accumulated in the SVZ. Most of these pathologically detached progenitor cells retained PAX6 transcription factor expression, a marker of RGPCs 19 even outside of the ventricular germinative niche Fig. Csontritkulás melyik gél jobb fluorescent micrographs of the ventricular zone VZ show the adherens junction belt white arrowheads around the ventricle V.
High-power images g, j demonstrate that the attachment of the basal endfeet of RGPCs to the pial surface is not affected directly by the disruption of cadherin-based adherens junctions at the ventricular surface.
ABHD4-dependent developmental anoikis safeguards the embryonic brain | Nature Communications
Graphs show box-and-whisker plots including minima, maxima and median values, lower and upper quartiles with single values. Data are shown as median line and interquartile range transparent band. Scale bars: a—d, l—o: 50 μm, e—j: 25 μm.
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Source data are provided as a Source Data file. Full size image In order to investigate the fate of these pathologically detached RGPCs, we next tested whether cell death is also induced by adherens junction disruption.
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In addition, administration of the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK fully prevented the increase in cell death evoked by adherens junction disruption Fig.
In contrast, basal cell death levels remained unaffected demonstrating that pathological detachment specifically triggers a caspase-dependent apoptotic process Fig. These observations reinforce the idea that a specific cell death mechanism exists to eradicate pathologically detached progenitor cells in the developing neocortex, and this mechanism must be switched off in normally delaminating fate-comitted daughter cells to permit their migration to their functional destinations.
We termed this process developmental anoikis, because prostatic adenocarcinoma pathology outlines csipkebogyó glükózamin kondroitin resembles the specific form of apoptosis of epithelial cells induced by the loss of cell anchorage 20 Anoikis has primarily been implicated as a protective mechanism in tumor biology, and pathologically detached tumor cells need to develop resistance to anoikis to become able to invade distant organs during metastasis formation Graphs show box-and-whisker plots including minima, maxima, and prostatic adenocarcinoma pathology outlines values, lower and upper quartiles with single values.
Scale bars: a—d, l—s: 50 μm, e—j: 10 μm. Full size image Selective ABHD4 expression in RGPCs in the prenatal brain The previous experiments led us to hypothesize that specific molecular players have evolved to mediate delamination error-induced cell death.
These kondroitin komplex glükózaminnal áttekintő ár components must be present in anchorage-dependent RGPCs to protect them from pathological insults, but their expression should be downregulated in migrating healthy neuroblasts.
Therefore, we searched public single-cell RNA-Seq databases, fájdalom a térd kondylisában identified abhydrolase domain containing 4 ABHD4an endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzyme 23 with a yet unknown in vivo function, as a potential molecular candidate.
Notably, Abhd4 mRNA levels were below detection threshold in more committed prostatic adenocarcinoma pathology outlines progenitor cell populations and in adult cortical neuronal types 2425whereas Prostatic adenocarcinoma pathology outlines was found to be highly expressed in putative RGPC pools in both mouse and human embryonic cortical samples and cerebral organoids 26 The pattern of expression was very similar to the RGPC marker Pax6, but was complementary to that of Tbr1, a marker of differentiated neurons Supplementary Fig.
Moreover, a target-agnostic in vitro shRNA library screen in immortalized prostate epithelial cells suggested that downregulation of ABHD4 may potentially contribute to the resistance to anoikis To experimentally determine whether the expression pattern of ABHD4 matches with its potential functional role in the developing neocortex, we first performed in situ hybridization on wild-type and littermate Abhd4-knockout embryonic brains.
These experiments revealed that Abhd4 mRNA expression was remarkably prostatic adenocarcinoma pathology outlines in the germinative niches of the telencephalic and third brain ventricles, whereas it was absent in other regions and in control Abhd4-knockout embryonic brains Fig.
This spatially restricted expression pattern was consistent throughout prenatal development Supplementary Fig.
S5a—fbut Abhd4 expression markedly decreased postnatally in parallel with the reduced number of proliferating progenitors in the subventricular and subgranular zones Fig. S5g—ireaching undetectable levels in adults.
Immunoblotting with a specific antibody raised against a conserved disordered motif of the ABHD4 protein further confirmed the presence of this serine hydrolase enzyme in the developing neocortex of wild-type, but not of Abhd4-knockout control embryos Supplementary Fig. High-power confocal imaging outlines the plasma membrane of ChR2-GFP-electroporated cells and delimits multi-color RNAscope analysis into single cells within the heterogeneous and densely packed cell layer of the ventricular zone.
The scatter plot shows data from individual cells normalized to the median value of the respective mRNA levels. Arrows point to the mitotic cleavage furrow between the dividing cells.
Scale bars: a: μm, b—e, g—h, o—q: 50 μm, f: μm, i, j, l, m: 2 μm. Full size image Although RGPCs represent the majority of cells in the germinative niches, it is important to note that fate-committed daughter cells that are undergoing delamination still populate the VZ, where the high cellular abundance renders cell-specific quantitative mRNA analysis very difficult. To test the possibility that Abhd4 mRNA is preferentially segregated either into self-renewing RGPCs or daughter cells during cell division, we also measured Abhd4 expression by quantifying RNAscope in situ hybridization signal within mitotic cells visualized by PHH3-immunostaining.
These findings together indicate that the temporal expression of Abhd4 in RGPCs is tightly controlled and its downregulation in fate-committed daughter cells starts rapidly after their delamination.
ABHD4 is sufficient to trigger apoptosis The previous experiments demonstrated strict spatial and temporal restriction of Abhd4 expression in RGPCs of the developing brain. RGPCs serve two major functions in the embryonic cerebral cortex: as progenitor cells 123 and by providing a scaffold for postmitotic neuroblast migration However, neither single-pulse bromodeoxyuridine-labeling of proliferating precursors Fig.
S6a—c revealed any quantitative differences between wild-type and Abhd4-knockout mice.
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma - Histopathology
Moreover, the laminar distribution of pyramidal cells, GABAergic interneurons and astrocytes was also unaltered in the adult neocortex of knockout animals Supplementary Fig.
Jó olcsó kenőcs az ízületi fájdalmak kezelésére, these results demonstrate that despite its high expression in RGPCs, ABHD4 is not necessary for the two major developmental functions of these progenitor cells.
Graphs show box-and-whisker plots including minima, maxima and mean values with 2 × standard error, except p where median and lower, upper quartiles are presented with single values. Scale bars: a—e, i—j: 50 μm, g—h: 20 μm, m, n: μm.
Full size image These unexpected findings, together with the spatially and temporally restricted expression prostatic adenocarcinoma pathology outlines Abhd4 in RGPCs, raise the possibility that this serine hydrolase has evolved to fulfill a hitherto undefined physiological function that is important in the cell biology of neurogenesis.
Interestingly, phylogenetic analysis revealed that ABHD4 protein orthologues exhibit substantial homology that is especially high around the catalytic serine residue S in mouse 23 and the consensus nucleophile elbow sequence GXSXG, suggesting that the enzymatic function of ABHD4 is evolutionarily conserved Supplementary Fig. Because Abhd4 expression is rapidly downregulated in delaminated daughter cells prostatic adenocarcinoma pathology outlines after their fate-commitment Fig.
To test this idea, we in utero electroporated either GFP alone, or wild-type Abhd4-GFP, or a catalytically inactive form of Abhd4-GFP in which the catalytic serine residue that is required for hydrolase activity was mutated to glycine, SG mutant at E Moreover, Abhd4-GFP-transfected cells lost the characteristic bipolar morphology of migrating neuroblasts and became shrunken, rounded, and had no leading processes Fig.
These morphological changes are hallmarks of imminent cell death. Data are shown as median line and interquartile range transparent band in the same color. High-power images show bipolar migrating neurons e, gthat become rounded upon Abhd4-GFP-electroporation f.
Graphs show bar plots with median prostatic adenocarcinoma pathology outlines interquartile range. Scale bars: a—c: μm, e—g: 20 μm, i n: 50 μm.
